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新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學習筆記Lesson34

　　【課文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

　　What do adolescents respect in parents?

　　Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part of the adults deeply shocks the adolescents, and make them resolve that in future they will not talk to their parents about the places or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves .

　　Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it can hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

　　The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parent's refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.

　　Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.

　　DOTID OFLUM Journey Through Adolescence

　　【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】

　　adverse adj. 不利的

　　adolescence n. 青春期

　　slur n. 抵毀

　　adolescent n. 青少年(12-18歲)

　　disloyalty n. 不忠實

　　spiteful adj. 惡意的，懷恨的

　　dignity n.端莊，高貴，尊嚴

　　disillusionment n. 幻滅感

　　evaluation n. 評價

　　infallibility n. 一貫正確

　　resent v. 怨恨

　　sincerity n. 誠摯

　　victorian adj. 維多利亞式的

　　retreat v. 后退

　　unreasoning adj. 不憑理智的

　　authoritarian adj.專制的

　　cow v. 嚇唬

　　【課文注釋】

　　1.slur n. 誹謗, 恥辱, 污點, 污跡

　　例句：He took the remarks as a slur on his reputation.

　　他把這些話當作是對他的名譽的中傷。

　　She had dared to cast a slur on his character.

　　她竟敢對他的人品加以詆毀。

　　2.spiteful adj. 惡意的, 懷恨的

　　例句：Walter's spiteful remarks were quite uncalled for.

　　沃爾特惡意的話完全是多余的。

　　He had been a spiteful sort of man.

　　他是一個善于懷恨的男人。

　　3.descent n.

　�、傧陆�, 下坡

　　例句：There was a descent of temperature after rain.

　　雨后氣溫下降了。

　�、诩沂�, 血統(tǒng)

　　例句：He traces his descent back to an old norman family.

　　他追蹤自己的世系上溯至一個古老的諾曼家族。

　　4.on the part of 在......一邊

　　例句：Contentment, on his part, took no vulgar form.

　　就他而言，滿足從來沒有以庸俗的方式表現出來。

　　5.resolve v.

　　①決定

　　例句：He resolved that nothing should hold him back.

　　他下決心不讓任何事情阻擋他。

　　②解決

　　例句：Intensive efforts are being made to resolve the dispute.

　　現正全力以赴來解決這場糾紛。

　�、鄯纸�

　　例句：We can resolve the problem into more elementary items.

　　我們能夠把這個問題分解成更基本的細目。

　　【詞義辨析】

　　decide, determine, resolve, settle 這些動詞都含“決定”之意。

　　decide: 側重指經過思考、比較、討論或詢問之后做出的決定。

　　determine: 指經過深思熟慮，決心去做某事并堅持施行。

　　resolve: 語氣較強，強調以堅定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有遠大抱負和堅強決心。

　　settle: 指排除猶豫、懷疑和爭論之后作出明確的終結論。

　　resolution, decision, determination, resolve 這些名詞均含“決定、決心”之意。

　　resolution: 指自覺地正式表示的決心，含極強的主觀能動意味，比如new year's resolution。

　　decision: 既可指重大的或一般的決定或決心，又可指在多種情況下作出果斷的抉擇，毫不猶豫地采取行動。

　　determination: 側重堅定不移的頑強意志力。

　　resolve: 語氣較強，強調克服感情上的軟弱，下決心干具體的一件事。

　　solve, resolve 這兩個動詞均含“解決”之意。

　　solve: 普通用詞，含義廣，指為有一定難度的問題找到滿意的解法或答復。

　　resolve: 主要指對問題或情況進行細微的分析或思索，以得出結論或解決途徑。

　　6.they have brought this on themselves 他們是咎由自取

　　7.stand up to 經得起

　　例句：That is why they cannot stand up to any serious test.

　　這就是為什么他們經受不住任何嚴重的考驗。

　　Will this car stand up to winter conditions here?

　　這汽車經得起這兒冬天的氣候條件嗎?

　　8.retreat v. 撤退，后退

　　例句：After several reverses the enemy was forced to retreat.

　　幾經失敗之后，敵軍被迫后撤。

　　9.cow vt. 恐嚇，嚇唬

　　例句：The generals tried to cow opposition to their military rule by imprisoning their

　　leaders.

　　這些將軍通過監(jiān)禁領導人來威嚇反對軍事統(tǒng)治的人。

　　10.face up to 正視

　　例句：He must face up to the fact that he is no longer young.

　　他應該勇於正視自己不再年輕這一事實。

　　【參考譯文】

　　當家長聽到孩子贊揚自己朋友的家時，總感到不安，認為孩子在嫌棄自家的飯菜、衛(wèi)生、或家具，而且愚蠢地讓孩子看出自己的煩惱。他們甚至責備孩子不忠，或者講些小朋友家長的壞話。家長這種有失身份和孩子氣的作法使青春期的孩子大為震驚，決心以后不再向父母講述去過的地方和見過的人。不要很久,家長就會抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告訴他們，殊不知這是他們自找的。

　　不管家長的人品有多么好，作為父母有多么合格，孩子們對家長幻想的破滅在某種程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人滿意，大多數孩子對父母估價過高，以致這種估價很難指望經受住現實的考驗。如果家長意識到孩子們通常是多么相信家長的品行和絕對正確，意識到孩子們的這種信念會對孩子產生多么大的影響，那么家長會大為吃驚和深受感動的。如果家長對青少年的這種反應有思想準備，并且意識到這象征著孩子們正在成熟和正在發(fā)展寶貴的觀察力、獨立判斷力，那么他們就不會那樣傷心，也就不會由于怨恨和抵觸這種反應，而把孩子推到自己的對立面去。

　　青少年酷愛真誠，對于能夠承認錯誤或無知、甚至承認自己做得不公平或不公正的父母，他們總是尊敬的，孩子們所不能原諒的是：父母錯了，孩子們也看出來了，可是做父母的還不肯承認。

　　維多利亞時代的父母認為，他們可以靠無理的權威氣派來維護自己的尊嚴，實際上那是根本不行的。孩子們只不過被嚇得不敢讓父母知道自己的想法罷了。雖然現在我們傾向于走向另一個極端，但總地來看，孩子和家長雙方態(tài)度都比較端正。遇事采取面對現實的態(tài)度總是比較明智和穩(wěn)妥的，盡管會有暫時的痛苦。

新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學習筆記Lesson35

　　【課文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

　　When will it be possible for us to think seriously about colonising Mars?

　　The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System, supplying the rocket fuels for its ships, easily obtainable form the lunar rocks in the from of liquid oxygen. The reason lies in its gravity. Because the Moon has only an eightieth of the Earth's mass, it requires 97 per cent less energy to travel the quarter of a million miles from the Moon to Earth-orbit than the 200 mile-journey from Earth's surface into orbit!

　　This may sound fantastic, but it is easily calculated. To escape from the Earth in a rocket, one must travel at seven miles per second. The comparable speed from the Moon is only 1.5 miles per second. Because the gravity on the Moon's surface is only a sixth of Earth's (remember how easily the Apollo astronauts bounded along), it takes much less energy to accelerate to that 1.5 miles per second than it does on Earth. Moon-dwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrial dwellers will be able to fly in space at only three per cent of the cost of similar journeys by their terrestrial cousins.

　　Arthur C. Clark once suggested a revolutionary idea passes through three phases:

　　1 'It's impossible -- don't waste my time.'

　　2 'It's possible, but not worth doing.'

　　3 'I said it was a good idea all along.'

　　The idea of colonising Mars -- a world 160 times more distant time the Moon -- will move decisively from the second phase to the third, when a significant number of people are living permanently in space. Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers. America, Russia and Europe are filled with enthusiasts -- many of them serious and senior scientists -- who dream of sending people to it. Their aim is understandable. It is the one world in the Solar System that is most like the Earth. It is a world of red sandy deserts (hence its name -- the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage sandstorms, chasms wider than the Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as tall as Everest. It seems ideal for settlement.

　　7 DAYS, February 19, 1989

　　【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】

　　hub n. (活動的)中心

　　lunar adj. 月球的

　　oxygen n. 氧氣

　　Apollo n. 阿波羅

　　accelerate v. 加速

　　terrestrial adj. 地球的

　　permanently adv. 永遠地

　　fascination n. 魅力

　　senior adj. 資歷深的，年長的

　　chasm n. 斷層，裂口

　　canyon n. 峽谷

　　【課文注釋】

　　1.obtainable adj. 能獲得的， 可得到的， 能達到的

　　例句：Are his records still obtainable?

　　他的唱片還能買到嗎?

　　The timetable is obtainable post-free from the airline office.

　　航班時刻表可以向航空公司免費索取。

　　2.the comparable speed from the Moon 從月球出發(fā)相應的速度，這里是指擺脫月球引力所需達到的速度。

　　3.the Apollo astronauts 指1969年7月20日美國“阿波羅11號”宇宙飛船第載人登月球。

　　4.accelerate v. 加速

　　例句：Our present task is to accelerate economic growth.

　　加速經濟發(fā)展是我們當前的任務。

　　We will accelerate the reform of the financial system under these circumstances.

　　在這一背景情況下，我們將加快金融體制改革。

　　【詞義辨析】

　　quicken, accelerate, hasten, hurry, rush, speed 這些動詞均含“加快，使加快”之意。

　　quicken : 普通用詞，指增加速度、速率。

　　accelerate : 著重指頻率或速率運轉加快。

　　hasten : 指由于事的緊迫性或突然性而加速。

　　hurry : 指趕緊或匆忙地做某事或催促別人做某事，隱含草率或混亂意味。

　　rush : 含義與hurry相近，但顯得更倉促更慌亂。

　　speed : 側重實際的快速行動，常用詞組是speed up。

　　5.at the cost of 以……為代價

　　例句：He saved the girl from drowning at the cost of his own life.

　　他舍身把溺水的姑娘救出來。

　　6.revolutionary adj. 革命的

　　例句：His heart glows with revolutionary enthusiasm.

　　他心中充滿著革命的熱情。

　　We shall carry forward the revolutionary tradition.

　　我們應該發(fā)揚革命傳統(tǒng)。

　　7.the idea of colonising Mars 征服火星計劃

　　8.decisively adv. 決然地，果斷地

　　例句：We had no choice but to act decisively.

　　這次不果斷處理不行。

　　9.would-be voyagers 未來的星際旅客

　　10.senior scientists 資深科學家

　　senior adj.

　�、� 地位較高的

　　例句：He is senior to me, though he is younger.

　　他地位比我高，雖然他比我年輕。

　　②高級的

　　例句：She was unfit for such a senior position.

　　她不能勝任這樣的高級職位。

　　③年長的

　　例句：Although he is senior to his wife, he is inferior to her in salary.

　　雖然他年長于他的妻子，但他妻子的收入比他高。

　�、苜Y深的

　　例句：A senior member of the committee is authorized to act for the chairman during his absence.

　　主席不在時，授權委員會中的一位資深委員代理他的職務。

　　11.the Grand Canyon 指位于美國亞利桑那州西北部的科羅拉多河的大峽谷。

　　【參考譯文】

　　月球很可能成為太陽系的工業(yè)中心。從月球上的巖石中很容易提煉出液態(tài)氧，作為航天飛船的燃料。其原因在于月球的重力。因為月球的重只有地球的1/8，因此，從月球到地球的25萬英里所消耗的能量要比從地球表面進入地球軌道的200英里所耗能量少97%。

　　這點聽起來令人難以置信，但卻很容易計算出來。要乘坐一枚火箭飛離地球，火箭的速度要達到每秒7英里，而從月球出發(fā)的相應速度是每秒1.5英里。由于月球表面的重力僅是地球表面的1/6 -- 還記得阿波羅飛船中的宇航員輕松地跳躍 -- 在月球上加速到每秒1.5英里比在地球上所用能源要少得多。月球居民在太空遨游的費用僅是地球上朋友飛越同樣路所需費用的3%。

　　亞瑟.C.克拉克曾提議，一種創(chuàng)新的想法要經過以下3個階段：

　　1 “根本不可能，不要浪費我的時間。”

　　2 “可能，但不值得做�！�

　　3 “我一直說這是個好想法。”

　　如果有相當數量的人永久性地住在太空，征服火星的計劃 -- 一個比月球遠160倍的星球 -- 就可以明確地從第2階段進入第3階段。火星對未來的星際旅客來說有著特殊的魅力。美國、俄羅斯和歐洲都有許多熱心此項事業(yè)的人 -- 其中的不少是認真和資深的科學家，他們一直夢想著把人送上火星。他們的目標是可以理解的。火星是太陽系里與地球接近的一顆行星。這是一個紅色沙漠的世界(因而得名：紅色行星)，無云的天空，兇猛的沙暴，比大峽谷還寬的裂縫，起碼有一座山有珠穆朗瑪峰的近兩倍高。看起來，它很合適居住。

新概念第四冊課文翻譯及學習筆記Lesson36

　　【課文】

　　First listen and then answer the following question.

　　聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

　　What is the most important factor, both in government or business, for keeping running costs low?

　　If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

　　This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

　　It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

　　RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society

　　【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】

　　hub n. (活動的)中心

　　disunited adj. 分裂的

　　correspondingly adv. 相應地

　　backward adj. 落后的

　　incur v. 承擔

　　administer v. 管理

　　adminstrative adj. 行政管理的

　　analogous adj. 類似的

　　overheads n. 一般費用

　　initiative n. 主動，積極性

　　checker n. 檢查人員

　　foreman n. 監(jiān)工

　　dividend n. 紅利

　　unduly adv. 過度地

　　【課文注釋】

　　1.disunited adj. 分裂的

　　例句：Moreover, when the employees are disunited, unhappiness is bound to set in.

　　更何況大家都不團結時，不愉快事件頻頻。

　　You are wretched, disunited individuals.

　　你們糟透了，分崩離析了。

　　disunite 　vt. 使分離, 使不和

　　例句：The issue disunited the party members.

　　該問題在黨員中造成分裂。

　　2.correspondingly adv. 相應地

　　例句：The language correspondingly became stiffer.

　　講話的語言也相應地變得更加強硬。

　　3.economic resources 經濟資源

　　4.backward adj. 向后的, 落后的

　　例句：He took a backward step and ran away.

　　他向后退了一步,跑了。

　　This part of the country is still backward.

　　這個國家的這個地區(qū)仍很落后。

　　【詞義辨析】

　　back, backward, hind, behind 這些詞均有“在后，向后”之意。

　　back: 作為副詞或形容詞時，強調所修飾物的位置以及動作運動方向。

　　backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或遲鈍的。

　　hind: 指成對并且分前后的東西的“后面的”。

　　behind: 指一物同它物相對的位置或場所。

　　5.stay in business 維持營業(yè)

　　6.be analogous to 與...相似

　　例句：The human heart is analogous to a pump.

　　人的心臟和泵類似。

　　7.initiative

　　n.

　�、僦鲃訖啵�主動性

　　例句：In the economic trend of the new era, having the initiative is the key.

　　在新時期的經濟大潮中，擁有主動權是關鍵。

　　I put it all down to her hard work and initiative.

　　我把這一切歸因于她工作又勤奮又主動。

　�、� 首創(chuàng)精神

　　例句：It is innovation plus initiative that has kept it thriving.

　　創(chuàng)新與進取精神使得它蓬勃發(fā)展。

　　adj.

　�、賱�(chuàng)始的

　　例句：The articles of incorporation usually name the initial directors.

　　通常情況下，公司的組織章程應記載創(chuàng)始董事的姓名。

　�、诔醪降�

　　例句：The panel's initial findings have now been made public.

　　這個委員會的初步調查結果已經公布于眾。

　�、圩园l(fā)的

　　例句：She took an initiative part in the Wildlife Conservation Society.

　　他們自發(fā)牽制住了敵人。

　　8. as falls within their sphere 屬于他們分內的。

　　9.keep someone in line 控制住某人

　　例句：It's difficult to keep a group of young children in line.

　　讓小孩都老老實實的可真不易.

　　【反義詞】

　　out of line

　　例句：Don't get out of line at dinner or you will be punished.

　　晚飯時給我老實點要不我就收拾你.

　　10.keep them in order 管理他們

　　11.in the interests of 符合......的利益

　　例句：We work in the interests of the people.

　　我們是為人民群眾的利益而工作。

　　12.unduly adv. 過度地，不適當地

　　例句：An eccentric person, especially one who is unduly zealous.

　　異人古怪的人，尤指過分狂熱的人

　　【參考譯文】

　　如果一個國家實際上處于分裂狀態(tài)，使之聯合起來就是政府的事了。這樣的一來就增加了政府的開支，從而相應地減少了可以用來發(fā)展國家的那部分經濟資源。不應忘記，在一個貧窮落后的國家里，那部分財力是很有限的。凡是政府管理費用高的地方，用于發(fā)展國家經濟的資金就會相應地減少。

　　把國家的狀況同私人企業(yè)的狀況加以比較，就可以看清這個問題。一個企業(yè)為了繼續(xù)經營，不得不支出一定的費用和開銷。就我們的目的而言，我們只關心一種費用 -- 企業(yè)行政管理費。一家企業(yè)的行政管理開支類似于一個國家的政府管理所用的開支。如果企業(yè)中的每個人都在真誠地為提高企業(yè)利潤而工作，那么企業(yè)的管理費用就會降低到相應的程度。如果企業(yè)的每個人都信得過，人人都認真負責，在各自的工作范圍內發(fā)揮主動性，行政管理費用就會降低。行政管理費用降低的原因是：每項工作只需要一個人去完成，用不著另外再有一個人檢查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有關人士匯報他的工作。但是，如果企業(yè)中誰也不可信賴會對工作盡忠守職，那么企業(yè)就會需要大批的管理人員、檢查人員和帶班人員，管理費用就會相應地增加。管理費用增加了，那么在扣除管理費用后，企業(yè)的收入就降低了。因此用于分紅的金額或直接用于將來開拓和發(fā)展的投資就相應地減少了。

　　一個國家的情況也完全相同。如果人民忠于職守，舉止規(guī)矩，能受到政府的信賴，那么政府就不需要大批的警察和文職人員去促使人民遵紀守法。但是，如果一個國家處于分裂狀態(tài)，政府不能相信人民的行動有利于國家，那么政府就不得不對人民進行監(jiān)督、檢查和控制。因此，一個處于分裂的國家必須要支付過高的行政管理費用。