【強(qiáng)調(diào)句構(gòu)成及處理】
●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成:
It is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分
【解析】現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為is;過(guò)去時(shí)間為was;被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為動(dòng)詞外的任何成分;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為人則用who或者that;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為物則只能用that;句子的其他成分為正常語(yǔ)序。
●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的處理方法:
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后,將被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分還原到句子中。
例1:It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .
【解析】
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后,還原句子為:She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主與。
【譯文】
她,巴爾的摩的印刷商,出版了第一本官方的《獨(dú)立宣言》在這個(gè)版本里包含有每個(gè)簽署者的名字,這樣一來(lái)就表明了全部十三個(gè)殖民地的支持。
例2:Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
【解析】
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式以后,句子還原為:Thus , in the American economic system ,the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主語(yǔ)。
【譯文】于是,在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中,個(gè)人消費(fèi)者的需求,商人利潤(rùn)化的*及個(gè)人收入化的渴求,共同決定了應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品,以及如何利用資源來(lái)成產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
例3:It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
【it的5種用法】
It分為兩種情況,一種是指代性it,另一種則為非指代性it。在此為大家介紹it的幾種用法。
指代性it一般是指人稱代詞it, it作人稱代詞時(shí)可指代事物、動(dòng)物、嬰兒、未知的人或一件事。
例句1:It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 這句話中第二個(gè)it就是指代前面的theory。這是一個(gè)許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家贊同的理論,但是在實(shí)際中,它往往會(huì)使得鐵路處于一個(gè)決定哪些公司會(huì)興旺,哪些公司會(huì)衰敗的地位中。
例句2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在這句話中,it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 這一情況。除非這些問(wèn)題得到解決,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問(wèn)題的方法也可能隨之受到排斥。
第二種情況是非指代性it。非指代性it是相對(duì)于作人稱代詞的it而言的。他們往往沒(méi)有具體意義上的主語(yǔ),它用于表示氣候、溫度、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、距離等。非指代性it常作seem, appear, look, happen, occur, follow等動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成特定的句型。
例句:From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.這句中it沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,為非指代性用法,that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。從熱點(diǎn)人口分析中可以看出,非洲板塊是靜止不動(dòng)的,而且在過(guò)去的三百萬(wàn)年中也從未移動(dòng)過(guò)。
當(dāng)然,在考研考試中,it的重難點(diǎn)更加具體和明確。
it 做先行詞。it做形式主語(yǔ)或者形式賓語(yǔ)。It作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),往往放在句首,將真正的主語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句)放在之后。其中it可作形式主語(yǔ)指代不定式,這時(shí)常見的謂語(yǔ)有:take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need等。另外,it形式主語(yǔ)指代It形式主語(yǔ)指代從句,而且主要形式為It is+a.+than; It is+n.+that; It is+done+that; It+vi+that;
例如:It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspaper.
It做形式賓語(yǔ)是放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間,指代不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句等。后接it作形式賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count等。
引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it。同學(xué)們所熟悉的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,它的基本形式就是“it+be的某種形式+that/who從句”。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)須用who, 其他情況用that。例句:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 在because從句中就運(yùn)用了it was ….that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為the Federal Circuit itself. 對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利申請(qǐng)的限制將會(huì)是一個(gè)巨大的改變,因?yàn)檫@些專利正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院自己在1998年審理一個(gè)被稱作“美國(guó)道富銀行”的案件時(shí)提出的,判決中巡回法院批準(zhǔn)了一項(xiàng)共同基金資產(chǎn)集資方法的專利。
【動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)態(tài)的用法和選擇】
在學(xué)習(xí)考研英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),我們常常會(huì)遇到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的四種變化,分別是時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、情態(tài)和*(即虛擬語(yǔ)氣)。其中非常重要而又容易混淆的便是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法和選擇。好多情況下是同學(xué)們記不住各種時(shí)態(tài)的細(xì)微差別,或是老師講解時(shí)可以分清怎么去使用,過(guò)一段時(shí)間卻又忘記了。出現(xiàn)這種情況主要是因?yàn)橥瑢W(xué)們沒(méi)有抓住時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),一是時(shí),一是態(tài)。時(shí)指時(shí)間,包括過(guò)去,過(guò)去將來(lái),現(xiàn)在,將來(lái)。態(tài)指狀態(tài),有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)兩種狀態(tài)。本文我們就時(shí)態(tài)中比較難的而且是同學(xué)們易出錯(cuò)的完成時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)講解。
態(tài),顧名思義,是指一件事存在的狀態(tài),有完成(全部完成)和未完成(部分完成)兩種。而我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)一說(shuō)起完成時(shí)態(tài),同學(xué)們經(jīng)常想到的是事情完成了這一種狀態(tài),常常忽略了第二種情況,那就是事情沒(méi)有全部完成,只是完成了一部分。這種情況在生活中也是常常出現(xiàn)的,比如說(shuō)我需要閱讀5篇文章,現(xiàn)在我讀完3篇文章了。這種情況就屬于部分完成。所以,以后我們?cè)谡f(shuō)到完成時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),也要考慮到事情可能沒(méi)有做完,只是完成了一部分這種情況。換言之,完成時(shí)就是截止到某個(gè)時(shí)間,匯報(bào)一下事情完成的狀況,可以是全部完成,也可以是部分完成,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是指截止到現(xiàn)在,匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況;過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指截止到過(guò)去某點(diǎn),匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況;將來(lái)完成時(shí)是指截止到將來(lái)某點(diǎn),匯報(bào)事情完成的狀況。下面就以現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為例來(lái)講解一下完成時(shí)的用法。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),時(shí)間截點(diǎn)為現(xiàn)在,即看待問(wèn)題的角度是站在現(xiàn)在往前看完成的狀況,動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的之前,可能做完了,也可能沒(méi)有做完。在說(shuō)話者心目中,動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的影響或后果,所造成的狀態(tài),在截止時(shí)間的當(dāng)時(shí)或稍后依然存在,或仍有聯(lián)系。這也是說(shuō)話者關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。包括以下三種情況:
1.一個(gè)發(fā)生在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前的動(dòng)作,或者是在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前已完成的動(dòng)作; Jane has gone to London. 珍妮已去倫敦。(表示現(xiàn)在之前已完成的動(dòng)作)
2.一個(gè)在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之前重復(fù)的動(dòng)作;We have had four tests so far this semester. 這學(xué)期,我們到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)考過(guò)四次了。(表示現(xiàn)在以前重復(fù)發(fā)生的行為)
3.一個(gè)一直進(jìn)行到時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)的動(dòng)作;I have known him for more than ten years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)十多年了。(表示現(xiàn)在以前一直進(jìn)行的行為)
在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,動(dòng)作是否在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之后仍要進(jìn)行不是我們關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。如果要表示動(dòng)作在時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)之后仍要進(jìn)行需用完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:He has waited for 3 hours.表示可能繼續(xù)等下去,也可能不再等了。而He has been waiting for 3 hours.強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有完成,仍要繼續(xù)等下去。
從上面的分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,動(dòng)作或行為發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的以前,它們所產(chǎn)生的影響或后果,所造成的狀態(tài),到現(xiàn)在依然存在,或與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)就像是一座橋梁把現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去連接起來(lái)。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)單純陳述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情。如They worked together as partners for ten years. 他們?cè)鳛楹匣锶艘粔K工作過(guò)十年。(兩人現(xiàn)已不在一起工作)They have worked together as partners for ten years. 他們作為合伙人已經(jīng)一起工作過(guò)十年了。(可能仍在合作,也可能剛剛結(jié)束合作)They have been working together as partners for ten years. 他們作為合伙人已經(jīng)一起工作十年了。(還要繼續(xù)合作)
【as引導(dǎo)的各類從句】
as主要有兩種詞性,分別為介詞和連詞。as作為介詞時(shí),用法和語(yǔ)義較單一,其含義為“作為”。但是as作為連詞詞性時(shí),其用法和功能較多,可以引導(dǎo)各類從句,而對(duì)其所引導(dǎo)的從句類型的識(shí)別也就成為了as理解的難點(diǎn)。在此對(duì)as引導(dǎo)各類從句進(jìn)行匯總,并對(duì)各類從句的特點(diǎn)給出具體總結(jié)。
一、as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),既可以引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句,又可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。區(qū)分as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句和其它從句的關(guān)鍵特征是:as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中做成分,通常做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
1、as引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
如從句所修飾的名詞前有such、the same、as出現(xiàn),后面的定語(yǔ)從句將由as引導(dǎo),形成such...as,the same...as,as…as這樣的固定結(jié)構(gòu),譯為“和……一樣”。
例1:I never heard such stories as he told.
我從未聽過(guò)他所講的那樣的故事。
例2:He’ll repeat such questions as are discussed in the book.
他將重復(fù)書中討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。
例3:They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.
他們犯了和其他人在這種場(chǎng)合下會(huì)犯的同樣錯(cuò)誤。
2、as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。
as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,往往指代一整句話,通常表示“正如”的意思。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置相對(duì)比較靈活,可以位于先行詞之前、之后或中間。
例:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
眾所周知,月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
二、as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句多用于口語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)“同一時(shí)間”或“一先一后”,有時(shí)還有“隨著”的含義。
例1:As I was going out, it began to rain.
當(dāng)我出門時(shí),開始下雨了。(as強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,不強(qiáng)調(diào)下雨的特定時(shí)間。)
例2:As time goes on, he will understand what I said.
隨著時(shí)間的推移,他會(huì)理解我所講的話。
三、as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句
as表示“因?yàn)?rdquo;,與because相比,較口語(yǔ)化,所表達(dá)的原因語(yǔ)氣較弱,所表的原因比較明顯,或是已知的事實(shí)。
例1:As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
因?yàn)樘鞖馓愀,我們不得不推遲旅行。
例2:Any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum.
任何新型能源都將大受歡迎,因?yàn)槭鸵呀?jīng)出現(xiàn)短缺。
四、as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句
as表示“按照”,“以……方式”,“像……一樣”,“正如”。
例:Do as the Romans do when in Rome. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗
注:as在引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),還常出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)固定的類比結(jié)構(gòu)中:(just) as …, so…。這一句型表示類比,基本含義是“正如……,所以……”。
例:Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.
善有善報(bào),惡有惡報(bào)。
五、as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
as可以表示“盡管”,“雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,但必須構(gòu)成倒裝。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句倒裝規(guī)則有兩類:
1、 形容詞/副詞/分詞/名詞(無(wú)冠詞)/介詞短語(yǔ)等+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,主句。
例1:Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you.
我盡管很喜歡你,卻不能和你在一起生活。
例2:Child as he is, he knows to help others.
盡管他是個(gè)孩子,他懂得幫助別人。
2、動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞(may/might, will/would, can/could, do/does/did),主句。
例:Try as we may, we cannot sense directly the television signal sent out from the broadcast station.
盡管我們費(fèi)了很大的勁,也無(wú)法直接覺(jué)察發(fā)射臺(tái)發(fā)出的電視信號(hào)。
六、as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是as…as。前一個(gè)as是副詞,后一個(gè)as是比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞。否定結(jié)構(gòu)為not so much … as …。
例1:Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
盡管螞蟻很小,但是它同地球上的任何其他動(dòng)物一樣,也是一種動(dòng)物。
例2:It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.
與其說(shuō)是他受到了許多打擊,還不如說(shuō)是缺乏斗志使他輸?shù)袅吮荣悺?/p>
【語(yǔ)法一致原則】
語(yǔ)法一致原則是指句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上一致,即通常情況下,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定, 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。具體內(nèi)容請(qǐng)看下文。
1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意:由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式,但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2. 由連接詞and或both …… and連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面,要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意:(1)若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí),它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞,盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4. either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,都作單數(shù)看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意:(1)在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù);若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.
5. 在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體,它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:The police are looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意:a number of“許多”,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);the number of“……的數(shù)量”,主語(yǔ)是number,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
8. 在倒裝句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
【邏輯意義一致原則】
邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須與主語(yǔ)的意義一致(因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)的形式是單數(shù),但意義卻為復(fù)數(shù);有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義卻為單數(shù))。具體請(qǐng)看下文。
1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù),也可是復(fù)數(shù),主要靠意思來(lái)決定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式,這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3. 若英語(yǔ)是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
4. 表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5. 算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞,它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8. “定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”,表示某一類人時(shí),動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
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