現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:
1. 表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,著眼點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在。 —Have you had your supper yet? 你吃過(guò)晚飯了嗎? —Yes,I have just had it. 是的,我剛剛吃過(guò)。
2. 表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)?梢院捅硎緩倪^(guò)去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)) 的一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用:so far, up/till now, since, for the past/last few years, these few days, all the morning,
for a long time等。just,today,this morning,this month,this year,since,all the time。 I haven’t seen my teacher this evening. 今晚我還沒(méi)見到我的老師。
3. 和already,never,ever,just,before,lately,recently,yet,so far,up to the present,in the past/ last few years 等狀語(yǔ)連用。 I have done my homework already. 我已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)。
4. 常與介詞 for,during,in,within,over 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,表示過(guò)去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
I haven’t seen my English teacher in the recent years. 近幾年我沒(méi)見過(guò)我的英語(yǔ)老師。
5. 表示反復(fù)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與 several times,once,twice,three times,frequently 等頻度副詞連用。
I have been to the USA once. 我曾去過(guò)美國(guó)一次。
6. 在“級(jí)+名詞”或在“這是第幾次”之后跟定語(yǔ)從句,從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the third time I have been here.這是我第三次來(lái)這兒。
7. 表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I haven’t swept the floor for half a week. 我已半周沒(méi)拖地了。
8. 用在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作完成。 I'll tell him after you have left. 你走后我將告訴他。
9. have been to 去過(guò)……(已回來(lái)),have gone to 去……了(或到了或在途中)。 My sister has gone to the USA. 我妹妹已去了美國(guó)。
10. 在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,終止性動(dòng)詞若與 for,since 等延續(xù)性狀語(yǔ)連用,需把終止性動(dòng)詞變?yōu)?be 動(dòng)詞等的 適當(dāng)形式。如:
die→be dead,join→be in,fall ill→be ill,finish→be over,leave/go→be away,begin→be in,make friends →be friends,become→be,borrow→keep,arrive/get to/reach/come→be in/be at/stay,dress→be (dressed) in, put on→have, on/wear,meet→stay together。 They have been good friends for years. 他們是多年的好朋友了。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)區(qū)別:
1. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的, 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week,…ago, in 1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等, 皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study,know。一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。如:
I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了)
I have seen this film. 我看過(guò)這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why did you get up so early? 你為什么起得這么早?(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? 誰(shuí)還沒(méi)有交卷子?(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng))
He has been in the League for three years. 他入團(tuán)已經(jīng)三年了。(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過(guò)去 時(shí)。 如:
湯姆昨天晚上給他父母寫了一封信。
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.