前面我們詳細地介紹了閱讀理解的基本方法技巧，現(xiàn)在向大家介紹怎樣把這些基本方法技巧用于閱讀應試。
閱讀應試的基本方法有3種，一種是略讀，第二種是精讀(scrutinizing)，第三種是尋讀。前面我們談到，略讀是一種快速閱讀方法，在非常短的時間內(nèi)瀏覽全文獲得文章的中心思想和主要事實。精讀則是仔細閱讀每句話，理解分析其含義，弄清句與句之間的邏輯關系，進而理解整個段落的意思。而尋讀則是通過目光掃視，迅速確定你所期望得到的信息的位置。通過略讀，我們可以了解材料的結構安排和主要信息，而精讀是針對考題中的某些信息或難點做具體細致的解析，而尋讀則在解題過程中起著一個定位的作用。
不少考生常常提出這樣一個問題：做閱讀理解題是先讀文章還是先讀后面的問題呢？我們認為，答案因人而異。英語水平較高，閱讀速度較快的考生可以先通讀短文，一邊閱讀一邊思考文章的主旨大意, 理解文章的細節(jié), 基本理解原文之后再看考題及選項并做出選擇，遇上個別無把握的題時再回頭查閱短文的相關部分，仔細推敲定奪，以求準確無誤得高分。但這種方法只適合那些有能力獲取優(yōu)異成績的考生，其優(yōu)點是對文章有一個總的概念和印象，缺點是，費時間，對文章的細節(jié)記不清楚。對于大多數(shù)考生來說，考試的時間較為緊迫，我們建議使用以下幾個步驟：
第一步：略讀短文把握方向
用盡量短的時間掃視短文每段的第一句和最后一段的最后一句。因為各段的主題句往往在句首，而文章的最后一句很可能是概括總結。略讀的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意，做到對全文的內(nèi)容心中大致有數(shù)，有一個思考的方向。
第二步：瀏覽問題，有的放矢
瀏覽題目，揣測出題者出此題的目的并側(cè)重閱讀短文相關部分。由于對所問問題及文章主旨都已有所了解，在閱讀時自然會知道哪些地方得細讀哪些地方可一帶而過甚至跳過不讀。所有問題都是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容提出的，基本反應并覆蓋了文章內(nèi)容的主干。先閱讀問題再閱讀全文可以做到“成竹在胸”。
第三步：分析判斷確定答案
有了前兩步的定位，第三步就該敲定答案了。這一步是做題的關鍵，一不小心就會前功盡棄。需要注意的是，一些看似簡單的問題，不能掉以輕心；尤其當文章內(nèi)容涉及常識或你所熟悉的知識范疇時，事實、觀點要以文章為準，而不能跟著自己的感覺走。因為這里考的是你的閱讀理解能力，而不是你對某種文化、知識的掌握程度，因此選擇答案絕對不能脫離文章內(nèi)容或作者觀點，單憑自己的主觀判斷解決問題。
這種三步到位方法其優(yōu)點是事半功倍，考生可以抓緊時間，集中精力進行有針對性地閱讀、解題。其缺點是有時可能會遺漏關鍵細節(jié)，從而產(chǎn)生理解偏差，答錯題。因此做完之后再忙也應抽出一定的時間將答案檢查一遍。
對于英語水平相對較低，閱讀速度較慢的考生來說不妨直接從第二步開始：先瀏覽所有五道題的題目，對文章所涉及的內(nèi)容有個粗略的估計或了解。然后逐一解答。先尋讀短文的相關部分，然后選擇正確答案。如遇有關文章主旨大意或需要推理的題可先放一放，等做完其他題再做這類題會容易一些。先難后易，各個擊破。這種方法能在相對短的時間里做完閱讀理解部分，但準確率不高。對于那些如采用上述前兩種方法則在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)根本做不完試題，對文章只能一知半解看了后面忘前面，詞匯量不足的考生來說不能不說是一種萬不得已的辦法
另外，在閱讀過程中，不妨在自己認為比較重要的某些句子或詞語（主題句，關鍵詞）下面劃線，標上記號，這樣有助于突出重點，活躍思維，同時也便于閱讀，節(jié)省時間，使閱讀更加積極。并且對于記憶力稍差的考生而言，記住幾個重要句子和信息要比記住全文容易得多了。所以，我們建議對閱讀文章中的主要句子和關鍵詞標出記號并重點閱讀。來源：www.examda.com
第四節(jié)閱讀理解應試題型詳解
根據(jù)命題要求閱讀理解考題可分為5類：1. 主旨題；2. 細節(jié)題；3. 詞匯題；4. 推斷題；5. 是非判斷題。其中細節(jié)題所占比例，其次為主旨題、推斷題、語義題。是非題判斷題視具體情況可列入細節(jié)題或推斷題類，我們在此就不作專題介紹了。需要特別提醒大家的是：不同的題型應采用不同的閱讀方法技巧和解題思路。
1. 主旨大意題
這類考題旨在考查考生對文章主旨大意的理解和概括歸納能力�？碱}中往往出現(xiàn)下列詞匯：subject, topic, theme, title, main idea, purpose等等，這類考題的設問特點可以大致歸納為以下幾個方面：
1．就文章的寫作目的，或人物或事件提問；
2．就文章的標題提問；
3. 就全文或某段的中心思想或主題提問 來源：www.examda.com
這類題的提問主要有以下幾種：
1．What is mainly discussed in this passage?
2．What is the author´s main concern?
3．The main idea of this passage maybe best expressed as__________.
4．The selection informs us that_________.
5.Which sentence contains a statement of the theme?
6．The best title for this passage could be ___________.
7．The article was written to explain ___________.
8．The main purpose of this article is to explain __________.
9．In this passage the author tries to interpret ___________.
10．The topic of the passage is _________.
11．The passage (or paragraph) mainly deals with _________.
在閱讀時應該注意文章的主旨句和每段的主題句。文章的中心思想往往是每段的主題句的綜合。另外，干擾選項的特點多是以偏概全，只說到文中的某一點而不能全面概括文章的中心思想，或是范圍太大，超出了文章的中心內(nèi)容。所以在做主旨題時，我們先可以略讀，找出每段的主題句，然后將主題句綜合起來就是文章的中心思想。在選擇答案時，根據(jù)自己總結的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾選項剔除。請看下面幾例
主旨大意題例1
主題句：It was once thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution, the problem is literally worldwide.
問題：This passage is primarily concerned with______.
A. the greenhouse effect
B. the burning of fossil fuels
C. the potential effect of air pollution
D. the likelihood of a new ice age
主題句的大意是：人們曾認為空氣污染僅限于大城市周圍，因為這些地方工廠密集，交通擁擠。如今我們知道，雖然這些地方空氣污染最厲害，但空氣污染實際上是全球范圍的。選項A：溫室效應；選項B：燃燒化石燃料；選項C：空氣污染的潛在影響；選項D：新冰河時期的可能性。通過對主題句的理解，我們可選定正確答案為C。
大意題例 2
主題句：The media can impact current events.
問題：The best title for the passage is ______.
A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots
B. The Impact of Media on Current Events
C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots
D. How Media Cover Events
主題句的大意是：媒介可以影響時事。選項A和C均與主題無關；選項B：媒介對時事的影響；選項D：媒介是怎樣報道事件的。找準了主題句，我們就可選定正確答案為B
2. 細節(jié)題
文章的作者往往要用具體事實和細節(jié)來證明、分析、解釋中心思想、段落大義等主旨。細節(jié)題測試考生對文中事實和有關細節(jié)的理解程度�？忌鷳貏e注意有關who, when, where, what, whose, how why 等問題的內(nèi)容。細節(jié)題的常見題干有：
1. What causes……?
2. What is special about …?
3. Why does the writer …. ?
4. It can be seen from this passage that…. . ?
5. Which of the following characterizes …. . ?
6. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
7. Which of the following statement is (NOT) true?
8. The writer mentions all of the following EXCEPT ______.
9. According to the passage who (when, where, what, whose, how)…
10. The reason for … is ________.
11. …. can be attributed to _________.
12. …. in that _________.
13. What does the example of …. illustrate?
14. The example of …in the passage is used to _______.
15. The author state that_______.
16. The author quotes …. in paragraph x because _______.
這類題的題干和正確答案在含義上通常相等于原文中某部分內(nèi)容，但通常表達方式不同。如：使用不同的語態(tài)句式，同義詞，反義詞（或詞組）。也有的細節(jié)題需要在理解相關原文內(nèi)容的基礎上做出簡單推理和計算。文中的具體事實和細節(jié)不是孤立存在的而是前后呼應，相輔相成的。這類考題在試卷中所占比例，其出題順序一般和文章內(nèi)容的先后順序一致。干擾選項往往使用原文中的一些表達方式，但其陳述與原文不符或部分不符，或雖與大眾常識、流行觀點一致，但卻與作者觀點或原文內(nèi)容相�；蛟母疚刺峒�
在一般情況下，閱讀考試中遇到細節(jié)題應先通讀或略讀全文，了解全文和各段的主旨大意，然后再做題。要先看清考題的題干，特別注意其關鍵詞“Where? When? Which? Who?”，然后找到相應段落，進而找出相應陳述，仔細閱讀，并根據(jù)上下文思索其真實含義。最后是比較選項，排除干擾項，選擇正確答案。
細節(jié)題例1
原文：As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion.
The counter-clockwise swirling of the hurricane is brought about by ______.
A. the low-pressure area in the center of the storm
B. the force of waves of water
C. the trade winds
D. the increasing heat
根據(jù)原文的As the heat increases，我們知道正確答案為D：反時針方向的旋渦是因為熱度加大而造成的。
細節(jié)題例 2
原文：In a barter economy it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task.
A barter economy is one in which ___.
A. value is decided by weight
B. value is decided by number
C. goods are exchanged and money is not used
D. money is used and goods are not exchanged
根據(jù)原文的上下文，我們可猜測出barter economy就是“物物交換經(jīng)濟”，由此可知正確答案為C：貨物被交換，而不是用貨幣
3. 詞匯題
此類題旨在考查考生對某些關鍵詞語或句子在特定的語境中含義的理解能力；通過上下文或構詞法猜測判斷某些超綱詞匯或表達方式的意義的能力。因此考生所掌握的詞匯量的大小直接影響這一類題的得分率。這類考題的正確答案往往是相應詞語的同義詞語，或是對相應語句的解釋、復述或概括。其余三個選項，往往是對原相應表達方式的不正確的改寫，或故意丟三拉四，或半對半錯，或曲解原意。這些干擾項有時會使用較多的原句中的表達方式，給人似是而非的誤導。
語義題的常見出題形式有：
1．The phrase……. in paragraph X most probably means__________.
2．1The word ……in Line X Paragraph Y can be best replaced by ____________.
3．According to the author, the word …… means___________.
4．The sentence ……. . in paragraph X refers to__________.
5．According to this passage, the expression…… can be interpreted as___________.
6．What does the author probably mean by …… in the first paragraph?
7．The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that _________.
8．From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.
詞匯題例1
原文：A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12-inch downpours resulting in sudden floods.
Apparently the word "downpour" in the last paragraph means _____.
A. heavy rainfallB. dangerous waves
C. the progress of water to the hurricane centerD. the energy produced by the hurricane
根據(jù)上下文brings 6 to 12-inch….resulting in sudden floods可知道此處的downpour為傾盆大雨，因此正確答案為A。
詞匯題例2
原文：Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere.
The phrase “sour the pleasures of society” most nearly means _____.
A. have a good taste to the pleasures of society
B. aren´t content with the pleasures of society
C. feel happy with the pleasures of society
D. enjoy the pleasures of society
根據(jù)下文的offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable我們知道sour一詞在此處為貶意詞，因此可選擇B：對社會的愉悅感到不滿意
詞匯題例 3
原文： There are no large worthwhile reserves of potential farmland remaining, and good fertile land is continually being changed into industrial use. Moreover, erosion of the soil takes a constant toll.
“Erosion” in the last sentence of the second paragraph probably means _____.
A. “washing away” B. “taking away”
C. “digging up” D. “picking up”
根據(jù)上下文可知erosion為“侵蝕”之意，所以正確答案為A.
解詞匯題除了需要扎實的詞匯基本功之外，前一節(jié)中所講的利用上下文、利用構詞法、利用語法知識、根據(jù)同／反義關系、利用邏輯／常識猜測詞義都不失為解題的好辦法。尤其是上下文和構詞法，這兩個方法是解詞匯題的最常用的法寶。
請看下面這段文字：
The vertebrates can be divided into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
FISH. These live in water. Most of them have a body covered in scales. They breathe with gills in the neck and their shape is often pointed so that they can move easily through the water. The tail is flattened from side to side to push against the water as they swim. Most fish lay eggs and do not look after their young.
AMPHIBIANS. These can live on land or in the water. Their bodies are often smooth and their skin is damp. They breathe with lungs or through their skins but some also breathe with their mouth. They have two pairs of limbs and lay their eggs in water. These eggs hatch to produce a larva or tadpole which looks very different from the parents. The tadpole grows and then changes to look like the parent.
REPTILES. These live on land or in the water. Their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with lungs and have two pairs of legs (except the snakes and some lizards). They lay their eggs in warm places on land and the eggs hatch to produce a small animal just like the parent.
BIRDS. These live on land. Some can swim on the water. A few, like the penguin and puffin, can also swim under water. Their bodies are covered with feathers. Birds breathe with lungs and have two pairs of limbs. The front limbs are the wings used for flying. They lay eggs and keep them warm with their bodies until they hatch. Then they look after the young chicks until they can fend for themselves.
MAMMALS. This group includes Man. Mammals can live on land or in the water. The whale and the dolphin live in the sea. The bats have wings and can fly. All mammals breathe with lungs and often have bodies covered with hair. They have two pairs of limbs. They produce live young (there are two exceptions: the duck— billed platypus and the spiny ant-eater, who both lay eggs) and feed them with milk that the mother makes in her special glands. The parent animals look after their young until they are old enough to look after themselves.
其中的斜體字詞語vertebrates脊椎動物,amphibians兩棲動物, reptiles爬行動物,mammals哺乳動物, scales鱗, gills鰓,flattened扁平的,larva幼蟲, tadpole蝌蚪, lizards蜥蜴,penguin企鵝，puffin海雀,chicks雛鳥, fend照料, dolphin海豚, platypus鴨嘴獸, ant-eater食蟻獸, glands 腺等，都是超綱詞和專業(yè)術語，但通過上下文，我們都能理解其大致意思
另外，掌握一些必要的詞根、詞綴，對詞加深的理解，擴大詞匯量都大有裨益。下面是常用的一些英語詞根及其例詞，考生不妨接著往后面補充添加自己所熟悉的例詞。
ambula = walk例詞：ambulance; ambulant
ann=year例詞：annual; anniversary
audi = hearing 例詞：audience; audible
auto = self例詞：automation; autobiography;
bio=life例詞： biology; biography
capit=head例詞：capital; decapitate
ced, cess = go; move例詞：unprecedented;process
chron=time例詞：chronology; synchronal
cide = kill; cut例詞：suicide; bactericide
confid= trust例詞： confide; confidential
cred = trust; belief例詞：credit; credulous
cur = run; move例詞：current; incursion
dic/dict = say; speak例詞：indicate; dictate
duce/duct = lead; take 例詞：introduce; conduct
equ = same; equal例詞：equality; equator
fact = make; do例詞：manufacture; factory
fer = carry; bring例詞：ferry; transfer
frag = break例詞：fragile, fragment
gen = produce例詞：genetics; generate
ject= throw例詞：eject;injection
mit/miss = send例詞：emit; vomit
port = carry例詞：porter; passport
pose = put; place例詞：propose; dispose
simil = like 例詞：similarity; simile, similar
spec(t) = see; look at 例詞：inspect; expect; retrospect
tarn = hold例詞：maintain, attain, retain
tract = draw 例詞：attract; tractor; distract
vent = come 例詞：advent; convent; contravention
vert /vers = turn 例詞：version; convert; subvert
vid /vis=see 例詞：visit; vision; invisible
volv = roll例詞：evolve; revolution
4. 正誤判斷題
正誤判斷題常用提問方式
1. Which of the following statements is (not) true?
2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the article?
3. Which of the following does not explain. . . ?
4. Which of the following statements is wrong according to the author?
5. Which of the following is not listed as . . . ?
6. All of the following fire true except. . .
7. The author mentions al 1 Of the items listed below except. . .
8. The author(passage)does not tell us . . .
正誤判斷題答題策略
1 正確理解4個判斷選項，分辨出其間的差異；
2 確定各個判斷句在原文中的大致位置，將其與原文進行比較；
3 避免以偏概全，同樣也須避免極端；
4 最后對照原文通過比較鑒別，選出正確答案。
正誤判斷例1
原文：In addition to genetics, they say, intelligence depends on an adequate diet, a good home environment, parental attention, and education
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. The whole world is raced with the problem of the increasing population.
B. Some scientists argued that birth control can affect the level of intelligence.
C. Genetics is one of the main factors to intelligence.
D. Food, family attention and education have nothing to do with intelligence.
對照原文，通過比較鑒別，我們可知正確答案為C：遺傳基因是影響智力的主要原因之一。
A和B與原文無關，D太極端，因此只有C符合題意
正誤判斷例2
原文：Hydroponics was once a complicated and expensive business, now it is well out of the experimental stage.
Which of the following statements is not true of hydroponics?
A. Hydroponics is still too complicated and expensive for practical use.
B. Hydroponics is considered a revolutionary method of agriculture.
C. Hydroponics has created wonders in agriculture.
D. Hydroponics has already been employed in food production.
根據(jù)now it is well out of the experimental stage早就走出了試驗階段，可知正確答案為D：水栽法已經(jīng)用于食物生產(chǎn)。
5. 推斷、引申題
在一篇文章中，作者有時沒有將某一個問題、觀點直接或正面陳述出來，而是隱含在字里行間，這就要求考生對所隱含的意義作推斷。這類考題要求考生在深刻理解原文的基礎上從正面或反面進行推理和判斷下述東西：作者的寫作意圖或思路、觀點傾向、文章來源、文章標題、上文或下文應涉及內(nèi)容或主題，某些數(shù)字或細節(jié)等。在做這種題型的過程中，除了需要考生準確、透徹地理解原文外，還要求考生有一定的推理能力。推斷題的題干中常見詞語包括：imply, suggest, infer, conclude, infer, author´s point of view等；
這類題常見的題干有：
1 The first sentence of paragraph 3 implies that ___________________.
2. From the last paragraph we can infer that_______________________.
3. The passage suggests that_______________________-.
4. The paragraph following the last paragraph of this passage would most likely deal with_____________________.
5. What is the author´s attitude toward the future of ______________________?
6. The author´s attitude towards the issue seems to be ____.
7. The author´s attitude towards the issue of “…” is ______.
8. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.
9. The author implies that ______.
10. It can be concluded that _____等等。
推斷、引申題1
原文：Do you forget to turn off die lights and heaters when you go out of a room? In 2040 it will not matter. They will turn themselves off—and on again when you return.
The author intends to tell the readers that in year 2040 _____.
A. they win live without lights and heaters
B. they will me much more lights and beaten
C. lights and heaters will be on and off automatically
D. there will be no switches of lights and beaten
根據(jù)原文的They will turn themselves off—and on again when you return我們可以大致推論出答案為C：燈和加熱器會自動打開和關閉
推斷、引申題2
原文：All this activity did not prevent RobertSpring from dying in poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the originals.
The author in the passage implied that _____.
A. RobertSpring was highly skilled in coping handwriting and imitating signature
B. RobertSpring died in poverty
C. Robert established a bookstore in Philadelphia in 1858
D. forgeries are casually sold to persons who aren´t experts
根據(jù)原文的All this activity did not prevent Robert Spring from dying in poverty可以論出答案為B：Robert Spring死于貧困。
推斷、引申題 3
原文：One such investigation led to the arrest of the man accused of sending the extremely dangerous Melissa virus, a computer virus that destroyed files in computers around the world in the spring of 1999.
How dangerous was Melissa virus back in 1999?
A. It destroyed computer files worldwide.
B. Many agents took up the case.
C. Technicians, experts, and a student were investigated
D. Telephone lines and computers were destroyed.
根據(jù)原文的a computer virus that destroyed files in computers around the world可以論出答案為A：它摧毀了全世界的電腦文檔。
推斷題的特點是：其正確答案無法從原文的表面意義中找到，考生必須從字里行間尋找推斷深層含義。對作者的總的態(tài)度和傾向，必須在通讀全文、掌握了主題思想和主要事實后，才能做出判斷。因此從某種意義上說，推斷題是最難做的題。做這類題應注意深刻理解原文，找出相關的關鍵詞語或句子，再由此采用歸納、演繹等邏輯思維方法推斷從而排除錯誤答案，找出正確答案。需要指出的是，推理時應以原文中相關的關鍵詞語或句子為基礎或依據(jù)，且忌憑空或按考生自己的常識瞎推斷。
閱讀理解題中推斷作者態(tài)度是最難的部分，得分檔次也在這方面拉開了差距。因此，我們提出以下幾點供考生在閱讀中領會作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度。
1. 要學會辨別清楚文章的文體。工程碩士閱讀試題多為議論文，文章的主題句、核心句往往會直接或間接地表明作者的態(tài)度立場；閱讀理解中也有說明文、描述文。前者因為其體裁的客觀性，所以作者的態(tài)度也往往采取中立。而后者因為其文章觀點往往不直接提出，而且作者寫作時也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，要求考生在讀這種文體時要細心捕捉表達或暗示情感態(tài)度的詞式短語，捕捉那些烘托氣氛，渲染情感的詞句。
2. 對于綜合性判斷情感態(tài)度的題，需要分析段落大意，分析文章的走向，理解文章中心思想、段落大意，而后才能判斷出作者的情感態(tài)度。
3. 要學會區(qū)分不同的觀點——尤其要善于找出作者的觀點�？忌⒁馕闹谐霈F(xiàn)的直接引語和間接引語，出現(xiàn)的觀點(一般是當事人的觀點，而不是作者的觀點)。作者的觀點一般用in my view, in my opinion, personally, I think, I hold等詞語表現(xiàn)
4. 對于選項而言，要分清選項中的褒義詞、中性詞和貶義詞，以此對照全文。下面是一些常見的有關作者態(tài)度的褒貶詞語。
1）表示褒義的詞語
positive贊成的，supporting支持的，praising贊揚的，optimistic樂觀的，admiring羨慕的, interesting有趣的，humorous幽默的，serious嚴肅的，enthusiastic熱情的，pleasant愉快的，polite禮貌的,concerned關切的,sober冷靜的，等；
2）表示中性的詞語
indifferent冷淡的，不關心的；impassive冷淡的，不動感情的；uninterested無興趣的，不感興趣的；ambivalent情緒矛盾的；neutral中立的；impersonal不帶個人感情的；subjective主觀的；objective客觀的；informative提供信息的；impartial不偏袒的；apathetic漠不關心的，等；
3）表示貶義的詞語
disgusted感到惡心的，厭惡的；critical批評的；negative 否定的，反對的；suspicious懷疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍讓的；worried 擔憂的；pessimistic悲觀的；depressed沮喪的；disappointed 失望的；ironic諷刺的；sarcastic挖苦的；bitter痛苦的；cynical 玩世不恭的；sentimental 感傷的；emotional激動的；angry氣憤的，等。
最后需要著重提醒廣大考生的是：閱讀理解的種種方法技巧，對不同英語水平的考生有不同的指導作用，但歸根到底，最重要一點還是要建筑在準確理解的基礎上加之大量的有針對性的練習。我們可以歸納出這樣三個要點：工程碩士閱讀要過關一是思想重視，二是方法得當，三是要有足夠的訓練保證。
